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This book is essential reading for both students and practitioners in the police and other law enforcement agencies who have a concern with organised crime worldwide. It provides an accessible introduction to the study of organised crime - discussing those who commit it, the effect it has on individuals, businesses and states, and the ways in which states and the international community have sought to contain it.

Providing an accessible introduction to the role and function of the police and policing, this book looks at the 'core functions' of the police, the ways in which police functions have developed, their key characteristics, and the challenges they face.

Whether for 13C magnetic resonance studies in chemistry, biochemistry or biomedicine, hyperpolarization methods based on dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) have become ubiquitous. DNP requires a source of unpaired electrons, which are commonly added to the sample to be hyperpolarized in the form of stable free radicals. Once polarized, the presence of these radicals is unwanted. These radicals can be replaced by nonpersistent radicals created by photo-irradiation of pyruvic acid (PA), which are annihilated upon dissolution or thermalization in the solid state. However, since PA is readily metabolized by most cells, its presence may be undesirable for some metabolic studies. In addition, some 13C substrates are photo-sensitive and, therefore, may degrade during photo-generation of PA radical, which requires ultraviolet (UV) light. We show here that photoirradiation of phenylglyoxylic acid (PhGA) using visible light produces a non-persistent radical that, in principle, can be used to hyperpolarize any molecule. We compare radical yields in samples containing PA and PhGA upon photo-irradiation with broadband and narrowband UV-visible light sources. To demonstrate the suitability of PhGA as a radical precursor for DNP, we polarized the gluconeogenic probe 13C-dihydroxyacetone, which is UV-sensitive, using a commercial 3.35 T DNP polarizer and then injected this into a mouse and followed its metabolism in vivo. ; This work is part of a project that has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 European Research Council (ERC Consolidator Grant) under grant agreement no. 682574 (ASSIMILES). Funding was also received from a Cancer Research UK Programme grant (17242) and from the CRUK-EPSRC Imaging Centre in Cambridge and Manchester (16465). F.K. and S.P. received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 642773 (EUROPOL). A. Capozzi received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 713683 (COFUNDfellowsDTU).

Rapid cancer cell proliferation promotes the production of reducing equivalents, which counteract the effects of relatively high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS levels increase in response to chemotherapy and cell death while an increase in antioxidant capacity can confer resistance to chemotherapy and is associated with an aggressive tumor phenotype. The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is a major site of NADPH production in the cell, which is used to maintain the main intracellular antioxidant, glutathione, in its reduced state. Previous studies have shown that the rate of hyperpolarized [1-$^{13}$C]dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) reduction, which can be measured $\textit{in vivo}$ using non-invasive $^{13}$C magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging, is increased in tumors and that this is correlated with the levels of reduced glutathione. We show here that the rate of hyperpolarized [1-$^{13}$C]DHA reduction is increased in tumors that have been oxidatively pre-stressed by depleting the glutathione pool by buthionine sulfoximine treatment. This increase was associated with a corresponding increase in PPP flux, assessed using $^{13}$C-labeled glucose, and an increase in glutaredoxin activity, which catalyzes the glutathione-dependent reduction of DHA. These results show that the rate of DHA reduction does not depend only on the level of reduced glutathione, but also on the rate of NADPH production, contradicting the conclusions of some previous studies. Hyperpolarized [1-$^{13}$C]DHA can be used therefore to assess the capacity of tumor cells to resist oxidative stress in vivo. However, DHA administration resulted in transient respiratory arrest and cardiac depression, which may prevent translation to the clinic. ; Work in K.M. Brindle's laboratory is supported by a Cancer Research UK Programme grant (17242) and the CRUK-EPSRC Imaging Centre in Cambridge and Manchester (16465). K.N. Timm was in receipt of MRC and Cancer Research UK studentships, B.W.C. Kennedy and P. Dzien Cancer Research UK studentships and F. Bulat a CRUK -EPSRC Imaging Centre imaging center studentship. I. Marco -Rius acknowledges the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) for support under the M arie Curie Initial Training Network METAFLUX (project number 264780).

OBJECTIVES: Pancreatic cancer (PCa) is treatable by surgery when detected at an early stage. Non-invasive imaging methods able to detect both established tumours and their precursor lesions are needed to select patients for surgery. We investigated here whether pancreatic preneoplasia could be detected prior to the development of invasive cancers in genetically engineered mouse models of PCa using metabolic imaging. DESIGN: The concentrations of alanine and lactate and the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were measured in extracts prepared from the pancreas of animals at different stages of disease progression; from pancreatitis, through tissue with predominantly low-grade and then high-grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia and then tumour. (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging ((13)C-MRSI) was used to measure non-invasively changes in (13)C labelling of alanine and lactate with disease progression, following injection of hyperpolarised [1-(13)C]pyruvate. RESULTS: Progressive decreases in the alanine/lactate concentration ratio and ALT/LDH activity ratio with disease progression were accompanied by a corresponding decrease in the [1-(13)C]alanine/[1-(13)C]lactate signal ratio observed in (13)C-MRSI images of the pancreas. CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic imaging with hyperpolarised [1-(13)C]pyruvate enables detection and monitoring of the progression of PCa precursor lesions. Translation of this MRI technique to the clinic has the potential to improve the management of patients at high risk of developing PCa. ; The work was supported by a Cancer Research UK Programme grant (17242) to K.M.B. E.M.S. is a recipient of a fellowship from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under the Marie Curie Initial Training Network METAFLUX (project number 264780). T.B.R. is a recipient of an Intra- European Marie Curie (FP7-PEOPLE-2009-IEF, Imaging Lymphoma) fellowship and a Long-term European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO-ALT-1145-2009) fellowship. E.M.S. and J.A. acknowledge the educational support of Programme for Advanced Medical Education from Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, Champalimaud Foundation, Ministerio de Saude and Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia, Portugal. The polarizer and related materials were provided by GE Healthcare. The polarimeter was provided by NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Centre. The laboratory is a member of and receives support from the Cancer Research UK & Engineering and Physical Science Research Council Cancer Imaging Center in Cambridge and Manchester. The authors would also like to acknowledge Dr. Judit Espana, Dr. Athena Matakidou, Dr. Madhu Basetti, Dr. Jose Sandoval and Sarah McGuire for their help with experiments as well as the Tumor Models Core of Cancer Research UK-Cambridge Institute. ; This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from BMJ Group via http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310114